Mar 20, 2010

Money supply, banks and the economy

The banking sector is configured to be very conservative: not only in its origins, where people left their gold for a receipt, and received nothing in exchange except the feeling that their gold was secure and well kept, but also currently by all the government regulation. In the very same moment the public institutions are setting limits to the elasticity of the money, they are pushing all the industry to that edge.

Otherwise we would expect a more diverse range of strategies by the banks in their natural competition, i.e.: some more risk averse and less profitable for its customers, and others less risk averse and capable of offering better conditions* in response to the riskier situation for its customers –those different strategies as normal ways for individuals to compete in a society that Darwin describes holds perfectly for companies in a market with competition.

In that Darwinian scenario, the interest rate would be the price at which supply and demand meet each other (much tighter than current conditions), thus, a deflationary trend would be the standard situation for the economy, (e.g.: Smith describes it so some hundred of years ago.

The current conditions are pretty different. Maybe we are more intelligent and can obtain more profits for society and the banking sector thanks to ... Maths 2.0 or thanks to the backing support of the governments, or maybe .... It is only that we have too much money around, too cheap to borrow, and too low banking requirements.

That would better explain the great benefits of the banks ... and the skyscraper in Dubai.

The problem though, is that with this configuration, the banks shrink at the same time as the economy does. They are not neutral, but pro-cyclical, digging deeper into the economic pain. So, what should be changed in order to avoid messy situations like the current? What to change so that the financial sector doesn’t make the problems worse?

The thing that I am not an economist may help make clear I am not going to solve it, but the fact that I don't understand the subterfuges of the government’s agencies, should help to understand that there is something wrong when the system is that complicated.

How is possible that the government can do it all: borrow money (government per se), and lend it to himself (through the SEC? From my point of view, the government should only be able to borrow money (and that is another topic, in politics, but... somehow it should be limited by an international agency: it is too cheap for any current "x" government to borrow money, win elections today, and even get some dark money extra), and leave the bill for the next government...

A first step (the libertarian step) should drive us to sounder money, therefore we would avoid expensive excesses of the system (dot com bubble, Real Estate bubble, Dubai, etc. That solution sounds good to “gold bugs” and “austrians”.

A second step (the keynesian’s) could intend to have the government helping the economy. Of course not spending what they don’t have as it’s common strategy for ex post crisis situations, but spending the money (when the aggregate demand shrinks or when the economy enters recession) they have previously saved.

That strategy would be twofold beneficially:
Saving in the good times and getting that money out of the stream, helps to cool down the peace of the economy. Even better, you can diversify and invest it abroad (as SWFs already do).

Then, when the economy is overheated and starts to fall (recessions are natural in economics, and they even have a good side too), that money that has been saved by the government can be invested better: getting it back to work in infrastructures, in IT projects and hardware to improve the technology of the public workers, etc.* -> Bearing in mind that it is a recession, and the government will face higher spending (e.g. unemployment subsidies) and lower incomes (e.g. less taxes from consumer spending, from companies profits, etc.

Regarding the financial regulation, William Wild has a good paper about the topic, advocating for a high-cost, low-return form of capital.link.
... that may get the banks out of the stock markets (a truly conservative banking strategy is not able to cope with the equity risk premium of the stock markets.

Feb 27, 2010

Pairs-Trading Strategies

Stock market strategies based on pairs trading have lower volatility. Since we're shorting one stock/indice and buying another. This is my recipe-list for such kind of trades:

- Market Size
Bigger companies will probably react sooner to general market information / events than smaller ones. e.g.: Repsol and Cepsa plummeted at different stages of the '08 crisis. chart

Emerging markets are more prone to suffer booms than developed ones (bk they are smaller, and more vulnerable to ... investors' sentiment, money supply, ...

- Macro / Politicians :) Controversial issue
But in my opinion, libertarian / conservative parties will do better for the economy in the long term than socialist parties at government (provided that they fit to the "clasification given" and act and govern guided by such ideas. e.g.: Spain before and after the socialist party got the government at '04. Trade: long DAX, short IBEX, FTSE. chart

In the States the difference is not that big, as republicans may be more prone to run war's deficits (Bush), and democrats to do good at economics (Clinton's reduction of debt), and the FED can play an important role on the stockmarkets (thru interest rates, SEC thru buying stocks ... everything is possible)

- Board of Directors
As Mr. Damodaran asks, Do they work for the investor? or for the CEO? Take a look at the funny board of Disney in '97.
Corporate governance principles include: board independence and leadership, board and executive compensation, audit integrity, corporate responsability, shareowner rights, emerging market principles ...
There are some rankings out there: good information to trade (with care)

- CEOs' Empire building aspirations
Acquiring other companies that do not provide particular synergies, overpaying...
The market is generally wise in its reaction. But in my opinion, most of the time underreacts (those CEO's are not going to stop till they ruin the company. e.g.: Jean-Marie Messier as CEO of Vivendi since '96.

As a former investment banker ... he was capable of much more than running a simple water-utility company, wasn't he??
His hubris drove him to turn the company into a Media Giant
In 2001, losses of 13 billions of euro.
2002: losses of 23.6 billion. French loss record
... eventually the "giant" wasn't that big: he had to sell the Veolia, the water business, Vinci, and some other acquisitions (Universal Studio / NBC Universal, from Seagram Universal, where he paid a 20% premium. British Sky broadcasting: UK's largest pay TV provider. American Nerworks ($10 billion).

Another illustrative example in the Spanish energy sector:
Gas Natural took over Endesa (a much bigger company) for political motivations.
Prior to that, a bidding war had started between E.ON (Germany) and Enel (Italy) driving the bidding price above intrinsic value.
Iberdrola, EON and Enel have done much better than Gas Natural has. chart.


- Economic links between companies
Companies in one sector usually underreact to profit warnings of linked companies. Especially when the links are not obvious. In the article by L Cohen, A Frazzini - Journal of Finance, 2008, it is showed an example about two golf companies: Coastcast is a manufacturer of golf sticks, and Callaway Golf Corp. is its main client, a golf retailer. The latter announced a dramatic profit warning, dropped 30% in the market (efficiency OK), ... while the former kept trading around its price range (as if nothing had happened -efficiency KO-.
... eventually the gap was closed.


--
To bear in mind the risk of these strategies.
Although market exposition can be reduced, leveraged is frequently over?used in these strategies, and history brings valuable examples: LTCM (biggest hedge fund, which had to be rescued by the SEC), Orange County (the biggest municipal bankruptcy @US), etc.

Nov 4, 2009

The swine flu opportunity

Let's recall the performance during the swine flu period of the spread between the pharmaceutical and the airlines' sectors.

The strategy would have been to buy pharmaceutical stocks during those early days, and sell short airlines stocks, as market underreacted to the news, as it already happened during the bird flu.

If missed the first opportunity, the second one is to wait until the gap is widened the most, until it is exhausted, and bet in the other direction (i.e.: long in airline sector and short on pharmaceutical).

--
"El primer caso detectado en 2009 se detectó el 28 de marzo, según la conferencia de prensa ofrecida el 23 de abril del 2009" translation: The first case was detected in March 28, according to the press conference given on April 23, 2009. spread Pfizer-United Airlines-American Airlines (April 23)

... the chart can not be uploaded properly. So feel free to use the dates given to check it out yourself!

Oct 19, 2009

Technology@Crisis

Perrow's book Normal accidents (1984) summarizes that technology intensive industries are more prone to suffer those accidents, due to:


- Complexity (nonlinearities.

- Tight coupling (multiple stages of a process which depend intimately on prior stages executing correctly.

1xtra*: absence of negative feedback over an extended period of time.

It is hard-wired in human behavior that we underestimate risk if nothing has happened recently.
e.g.: nuclear power plants, chemical industries, space programs, ..
Since 1974, 18 national level Banking Crisis around the world ('77 Spain, '87 Norway, '91 Finland and Sweden, '92 Japan.

Rogoff & Reinhart find these among the causes of the current crisis:
- Rising housing and stock markets
- Capital inflowsLarge public debt/GDP
- Financial liberalization

Measures aiming Crisis Preparation and Crisis Prevention (gathered from specialists):
- Break up banks and broker/dealers that are too big to fail
- Create exchanges for CDSs and other large OTC contracts
Create financial N1SB for analyzing all blow ups
Require confidential disclosure regarding "network"exposures
- Implement counter-cyclical leverage constraints for bank-like entities
- Enforce "suitability"requirements for mortgage-broker advice
- Require certification for mgmt. and boards of complex financial institutions
Impose more mark to market accounting and risk controls
Impose capital adequacy requirements for all bank like entities
Create new discipline of risk accounting
Impose small derivatives tax to fund financial engineering programs
Revise laws to allow "pre-packaged"bankruptcies for finance companies
Change corporate governance structure (compensation, CRO role, etc.)
- Teach economics, finance and risk management in high school

About Behavioral Finance

Behavioral Vulnerabilities:



About Prospect Theory: An Analysis of Decision under Risk

The theory distinguishes two phases in the choice process: an early phase of editing and a subsequent phase of evaluation; the editing phase consists of a preliminary analysis of the offered prospects, which often yields a simpler representation of theses prospects, whereas the edited prospects are evaluated in the second phase and the prospect of the highest value is chosen.

Outcomes which are obtained with certainty are overweighted relative to uncertain outcomes. Certainty increases the aversiveness of losses as well as the desirability of gains

In the positive domain, the certainty effect contributes to a risk averse preference for a sure gain over a larger gain that is merely probable; in the negative domain, the same effect leads to a risk seeking preference for a loss that is merely probable over a smaller loss that is certain (the overweighting of certainty favors risk aversion in the domain of gains and risk seeking in the domain of losses)

Value function: Reference point + Magnitude of the change. (vs final welfare states)


The value function is normally concave above the reference point and often convex below it, meaning, the marginal value of both gains and losses generally decreases with their magnitude.

Losses loom larger than gains; the aggravation that one experiences in losing a sum of money appears to be greater than the pleasure associated with gaining the same amount (i.e.: the value function for losses is steeper than the value function for gains).














Because people are limited in their ability to comprehend and evaluate extreme probabilities, highly unlikely events are either ignored or overweighted, and the difference between high probability and certainty is either neglected or exaggerated.

... which leads to perceive both insurance and lottery/gambling as atractive.

It is suggested that a person who has not made peace with his losses is likely to accept gambles that would be unacceptable to him otherwise (e.g.: Leeson at Barings Bank, Citron at Orange County)

Aug 29, 2009

Value Investing

The three factor model to explain most of the differences in financial markets returns:

1. The premium return of the stock market when compared to riskless assets.Sharpe's Beta.
2. The premium return of small capitalization stocks over large cap stocks.Fama's size effect.
3. The premium return of value stocks over growth stocks.Fama's value effect.
... I don't think the momentum factor is at the same level.

The performance of the stock markets exceeded those of Bonds, T-Bills, Gold and Dollar.
(Siegel's "Stocks for the long run"). But we should also bear in mind certain factors:

1. Take the market's geometric return (not the arithmetic return.
2. Consider the survivorship bias: Siegel only considers the best market in the best century of the history. But Argentina was as wealthy as the US a century ago. Austrians lost all their money at the mid-century. Japan will have to wait some generations to see the 40,000 back, ...
So, to bear in mind: companies do fail (while S&P500 do not consider those), some currencies lose value, and markets / economies sometimes get exhausted for some generations.

Stock returns in developed countries - markets, have outperformed those in emerging countries, with an astonishing Sharpe ratio difference.

The average return of small (and medium) companies outgoes the average return of the big companies both in developed and emerging countries (Fama's size effect).

Relative price is often measured by a firm's book-to-market ratio (BtM). When stocks are ranked by relative price, high BtM (or "value") stocks tend to have higher average returns than low BtM (or "growth") stocks. This is known as the relative-price or value effect.

Active management is encouraged to rely on settled rules. My favorite guide is the 50 day Nasdaq moving average. On the other hand, passive management stands on solid theoretical grounds, has enormous empirical support, and works very well for investors.

Regarding the composition of the portfolio:
Between 5 and 15 different stocks provide enough diversification for a personal portfolio.
(although some behaviorist may call this "the rule of five", ... a rule of thumb that only leads to underperformance)

In that sense, a good long run strategy to apply could be:
% of our portfolio invested in the stock markets = 100 - our age.

A book that should be re read more frequently...
"The intelligent investor" by Graham,
From his best student, W. Buffet, we should learn that a continued and periodically buy, in the stock market, is not only more easy and relaxed than the timming and stock picking strategies, but it will generally provide better results (80% of the Funds fail to match market returns).

And regarding the company's management:
Natural, organic growth for a company is better than the M&A growth.
(stock markets reflect it very well, and the reason the second is so much practiced is mostly because the CEOs looking for perks (i.e. empire building).

Repurchase of its own shares on the market is a better way for the company to pay their shareholders than providing dividends (because by doing that, we are going to suffer double taxation: company's + shareholder's). I think most mutual funds do not suffer the double taxation though. Furthermore it is well documented that senior investors, who are already retired, do prefer not to sell capital (stocks) and perceive the dividends as a rent.

Aug 17, 2009

Carta Abierta a Doña Esperanza Aguirre

topic, tags: radio BBC in Spain / English improvement.

Buenos días.


Quería proponer que en la Comunidad de Madrid se valorara la posibilidad de tener una emisora de radio publica.
La emisión que propongo es: BBC World Service

Por qué:
El ingles se debería potenciar más. En España el nivel es bajo con respecto a nuestros vecinos europeos y eso nos hace menos competitivos. (Y a los jóvenes españoles mas esclavos de la deriva del país a manos del gobierno socialista. --> Cuando podriamos disfrutar mucho mas del mercado único laboral europeo si tuvieramos mejor nivel de inglés)


Mas tiempo en embotellamientos, atascos = Más tiempo perdido. Más paro = más horas libres. Etc.
Con esta emisión se avanza en la democratización del inglés: en que no haga falta pagar una academia, viajes o clases para mejorarlo, sino el interés y esfuerzo personal. En las ganas de superacion personales, atributos de la derecha de los que tendriamos que hacer gala mas a menudo.

Por último quería apuntar también que ya hay una iniciativa similar en España.
En concreto se trata de Talk Radio Europe - link. Una emisora de expatriados jubilados ingleses donde las producciones propias (shows normales de radio) se alternan con horarios donde directamente conectan con la BBC (todas las noches desde las 11:30 pm hasta las 07:00 am; de lunes a viernes de 06:00 a 07:00 pm, etc.).
Es una maravilla que sea ingles británico, que no haya anuncios en la emisión, que el acceso sea libre ...


Les mando un cordial saludo, Atte.
RT